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The human brain is a powerful natural computer that has evolved over tens of thousands of years. But what would you get if you combined this biological computer with a real one?

人腦是一臺強大的天然計算機，已經(jīng)進化了數(shù)萬年。但如果將這臺生物計算機與真實的計算機結(jié)合起來，你會得到什么呢？
 

Researchers at Indiana University Bloomington in the US have linked human brain-like tissues to an electronic chip (芯片), which can perform simple computer tasks. Their creation, named Brainoware, is part of a growing field called biological computing that might one day outperform (超過) current computers, according to Nature.

美國印第安納大學(xué)伯明頓分校的研究人員將類腦組織與電子芯片連接起來。該芯片可以執(zhí)行簡單的計算機任務(wù)。據(jù)《自然》雜志報道，他們將這套系統(tǒng)命名為 Brainoware，屬于不斷發(fā)展的生物計算領(lǐng)域的一部分，未來或超越當(dāng)前的計算機。
 

The brain-like tissues the researchers used, also known as brain organoids (類器官), weren’t part of a living person’s brain. They were “grown” from human stem cells (干細胞), which are capable of producing different types of cells and forming body tissues. It took two months for the stem cells to mature into an organoid.

研究人員使用的類腦組織，又名類器官，不是活人大腦的一部分。它們是由人體干細胞培育而成，能夠分化成不同類型的細胞并形成身體組織。干細胞需要兩個月的時間才能達到成熟階段，變?yōu)轭惼鞴佟?br />  

The researchers then placed one organoid onto an electronic chip with thousands of electrodes (電極). Although organoids are much simpler and smaller than an actual brain, they act similarly to human brains, such as responding to electrical signals, which is what our brain does all the time. These responses lead to changes in the brain, which fuel our ability to learn.

隨后，研究人員將一個類器官放置在帶有數(shù)千個電極的電子芯片上。盡管類器官比真實的大腦更簡單、更小，但它們的行為反應(yīng)與人腦相似，例如對電信號做出反應(yīng)——這個大腦一直在做的事情。這些反應(yīng)會導(dǎo)致大腦發(fā)生變化，增強我們的學(xué)習(xí)能力。
 

To test Brainoware, the researchers used it for voice recognition by training it with 240 Japanese recordings spoken by eight speakers. They found that the organoid reacted differently toward each voice. With an accuracy of 78 percent, it successfully identified the speakers by showing different neural (神經(jīng)的) activities.

為了測試 Brainoware，研究人員使用了8個人所說的240 段日語錄音對其進行訓(xùn)練，從而將它用于語音識別。他們發(fā)現(xiàn)類器官對每種聲音的反應(yīng)都不同。通過識別神經(jīng)活動的不同，它可以成功識別說話者，準確率達到78%。
 

What’s special about Brainoware is that researchers can take advantage of the organoid’s complexity without understanding its cell networks, according to Daily Mail. In other words, scientists don’t need to know exactly how the organoid works in order to use it.

據(jù)《每日郵報》報道，Brainoware的特別之處在于，研究人員可以在不了解其細胞網(wǎng)絡(luò)的情況下利用類器官的復(fù)雜性。換言之，科學(xué)家不用確切知道類器官是如何工作的就可以使用它。
 

According to the researchers’ work published in December, combining organoids and electronic chips could increase the speed and efficiency of AI in the future. Also, such models can be used to study human brains, according to Nature. Using Brainoware to model and study neurological disorders (神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病), such as Alzheimer’s disease, is one example. It could also be used to test the effects of different treatments for such diseases. “That’s where the promise is: using these to one day hopefully replace animal models of the brain,” Arti Ahluwalia, a researcher in Italy, told Nature.

根據(jù)研究人員去年12月發(fā)表的研究成果，將類器官和電子芯片相結(jié)合可以提高未來人工智能的速度和效率。《自然》雜志稱，此類模型還可用于研究人腦。人們可以使用Brainoware來建模和研究神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病，例如阿爾茨海默癥。它還可以用來測試不同治療方法對此類疾病的治療效果。意大利研究人員Arti Ahluwalia告訴《自然》雜志：“這就是希望所在——未來或許能用這些技術(shù)取代動物的大腦模型。”

以上文章內(nèi)容選自《21世紀英文報》高二932期