稷下學(xué)宮是我國歷史上第一所由官方舉辦的高等學(xué)府，于公元前374年建立。今年2月，其遺址被發(fā)現(xiàn)，自此引發(fā)了人們的諸多好奇。這所2000多年前的高等院校是什么樣子的？在當(dāng)時起到了什么作用？學(xué)校的校規(guī)是否嚴(yán)格呢？
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Since the ruins of ancient China's first government-run institution of higher learning had been discovered in late February in Zibo City, east China's Shandong Province, curiosity has been roused around the school built in 374 BC.
稷下學(xué)宮遺址確定
百家爭鳴在這開啟
據(jù)考古人員介紹，經(jīng)過近五年的考古發(fā)掘，可以基本確定此處為稷下學(xué)宮遺址。而據(jù)史料記載，稷下學(xué)宮始建于公元前374年的齊桓公田午時期，因位于臨淄稷門附近而得名，存續(xù)達(dá)150余年。稷下學(xué)宮是世界上第一所由官方舉辦、私家主持的特殊形式的高等學(xué)府，是一個同時具有“社會科學(xué)院”“政府智庫”性質(zhì)的最早的“學(xué)術(shù)機(jī)構(gòu)”，是研究院、大學(xué)堂、施政咨詢等多種性質(zhì)的機(jī)構(gòu)。
The building complex was unearthed following a five-year excavation drive, and historical records confirmed it to be the Jixia Academy, a state institution of higher learning with multiple roles such as research institute, university, and think tank, and had existed for more than 150 years.
Photo taken on March 1, 2022 shows a view of the ruins of Jixia Academy, ancient China's first government-run institution of higher learning, discovered in Zibo City, east China's Shandong Province. (Xinhua/Wang Yang)
建筑基址群東與齊故城小城相接，南寬北窄略呈直角梯形，東西約210米、南北長約190米，總面積近4萬平方米，共發(fā)現(xiàn)四排建筑基址，與現(xiàn)代大學(xué)規(guī)模相似。稷下學(xué)宮遺址的確定，是山東考古取得的重大成果。
Four rows of building foundations have been found at the site, measuring about 210 meters from east to west at its widest and 190 meters long from north to south, with a total area of nearly 40,000 square meters. The site is connected to the ancient capital city of Qi, and it appears as a right-angled trapezoid from above, according to archaeologists.
在近五年的考古發(fā)掘工作中，已經(jīng)出土了上千件文物。一些建筑構(gòu)建采用了特殊工藝，陽光打上去，會呈現(xiàn)出七彩。山東博物館館長鄭同修表示這樣高規(guī)格的裝飾構(gòu)建反映了當(dāng)時稷下學(xué)宮的繁榮景象。
More than 1,000 artifacts were unearthed during the last five years of excavation, among which architectural components using a special technique would glow with colorful lights when the sun shines on them. The high-level decoration proves the prosperity and glory of Jixia Academy, said Zheng Tongxiu, curator of the provincial museum.
Photo taken on March 1, 2022 shows some relics unearthed from the ruins of Jixia Academy, ancient China's first government-run institution of higher learning, discovered in Zibo City, east China's Shandong Province. (Xinhua/Wang Yang)
而戰(zhàn)國時代（公元前475-前221年）齊都臨淄的稷下學(xué)宮就是當(dāng)時諸子薈萃、百家爭鳴的主要園地和學(xué)術(shù)交流、文化傳播中心。
Founded by the State of Qi during the Warring States Period (475-221 BC), Jixia Academy was the center of the academic scene of "the contention of a hundred schools of thought" in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty (770 B.C.-256 B.C.).
與柏拉圖學(xué)園雙峰并峙
是世界文明史上的奇跡
山東理工大學(xué)著名齊文化研究專家王志民教授表示，“如果把稷下學(xué)宮放在世界文明史的層面上來看的話，它的意義就更大。”王志民說，在世界文明史上，或者說是世界教育史研究上，有些西方學(xué)者一直提出來希臘的柏拉圖學(xué)園是世界歷史上最早的第一所大學(xué)，他們認(rèn)為希臘文明是高度發(fā)達(dá)的，那么柏拉圖學(xué)園也稱阿卡德米學(xué)園自然是世界上最早的。
稷下學(xué)宮的考古發(fā)掘證明，東方的中國也是世界文明的中心，而且是更重要的中心，古老的思想文化一直傳承至今從未間斷。所以我們要堅定文化自信，中華文明在世界文明史上同樣具有非常重要的突出地位，做出過巨大的貢獻(xiàn)，稷下學(xué)宮就是一個很突出的標(biāo)志。
Photo taken on March 1, 2022 shows part of the foundation of the ruins of Jixia Academy, ancient China's first government-run institution of higher learning, discovered in Zibo City, east China's Shandong Province. (Xinhua/Wang Yang)
In a similar period, Plato's Academy was founded in Athens. Along with the Jixia Academy, both institutions of higher learning created a glorious time in the history of world civilization.
"The two institutions acted as the cradle of thoughts, seeking ideological and philosophical breakthroughs, which made them quite similar," said Wang Zhimin, director of Qi culture institute of Shandong University of Technology.
Wang said the two institutions shared the same academic atmosphere. "Dialogues, discussions and even debates were frequently seen in both schools to achieve the advancement of academics."
As to the follow-up impacts on the world, Wang said the Jixia Academy shaped the mode of traditional Chinese culture, and Plato's Academy set up a model of higher education, helping the western world to establish modern universities afterward.
稷下學(xué)宮制度嚴(yán)格
學(xué)與教雙向選擇
稷下學(xué)宮有嚴(yán)格的教學(xué)紀(jì)律和健全的規(guī)章制度：從學(xué)生飲食起居、衣著服飾，到上課紀(jì)律、課后復(fù)習(xí)以及學(xué)生的品德修養(yǎng)、尊敬師長等方面都進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)規(guī)定，值得后人參照。
稷下學(xué)宮具有規(guī)模宏大的校舍條件：學(xué)宮地處“康莊之衢”，有利于師生開展較為正式的教學(xué)活動，相互借鑒，彼此融合發(fā)展，促成了稷下學(xué)宮多元思想并立，各家平等發(fā)展的學(xué)術(shù)繁榮景象。
稷下學(xué)宮以游學(xué)為主的教學(xué)方式獨(dú)具特色：學(xué)生自由地來稷下拜師求學(xué)，老師也可以在稷下招生講學(xué)，學(xué)與教雙向選擇，思想上兼并包容，營造學(xué)術(shù)上的百家爭鳴，促進(jìn)了各種學(xué)說學(xué)派的發(fā)展，還有利于創(chuàng)立新學(xué)說，培養(yǎng)和發(fā)現(xiàn)人才。
Jixia Academy is an unprecedented feat in the history of Chinese education. It has large-scale school buildings, a large number of teachers and students, strict rules and regulations, and regular teaching activities.
Students were free to come to Jixia for study and teachers could also enroll students and give lectures there. Such a free atmosphere greatly promoted the cultivation of talents.
With its open and inclusive academic atmosphere, Jixia attracted countless famous scholars, even gathering thousands of learners sometimes.
綜合來源：中新網(wǎng) 光明日報 齊魯晚報網(wǎng) 淄博日報 China Daily
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